Indonesian Christianity consists of Protestantism and Catholicism, the former being the majority. Illness and other misfortunes are traced to such spirits, and if sacrifices or pilgrimages fail to placate angry deities, the advice of a dukun or healer is sought. [96], The community is subject to a measure of government discrimination. [63], Following the downfall of President Sukarno in the mid-1960s and the mandatory policy of having a religion,[75] founder of Perbuddhi (Indonesian Buddhists Organisation), Bhikku Ashin Jinarakkhita, proposed that there was a single supreme deity, Sanghyang Adi Buddha. [120], In 2017, the blasphemy trial of Basuki Tjahaja Purnama (Ahok) received international attention. In 1957, it was reported that around 450 Jews remained, mainly Ashkenazim in Jakarta and Sephardim in Surabaya. [86], The formal Kejawen/Kebatinan movements are Subud, Sumarah, Pangestu, Perjalanan, Amerta, and others. Several Muslim parties formed with Sharia as their ideology and the Crescent Star Party (PBB) came in sixth place in the 1999 elections. In Papua, it is most widely practised among the native Papuan population. The basis of Subud is a spiritual exercise commonly referred to as the latihan kejiwaan, which was said by Muhammad Subuh to be guidance from "the Power of God" or "the Great Life Force". [62] The largest Hindu temple in Indonesia, Prambanan, was built during the Majapahit kingdom by the Sanjaya dynasty. From this data we can see how the people of Indonesia are. Between 1546 and 1547, the pioneer Christian missionary, Saint Francis Xavier, visited the islands and baptised several thousand locals. Explore various religious groups, demographics, restrictions, and more using our interactive data. Only 0.7 percent of the Indonesian population - or 1.7 million individuals - are Buddhists. President Suharto regarded himself as one of its adherents. The population of Indonesia according to the 2020 national census was 270.2 million. One century later the impressive Borobudur temple was built by the Sailendra dynasty in Central Java, while in the 15th century the grand Hindu-Buddhist Majapahit empire ruled a large part of the Archipelago. For example, there are many strict Muslims who focus on the mosque, scripture and ritual and therefore Islam plays an important role in their daily activities and lives. There are, however, pockets of Christians scattered throughout the country, particularly in Flores, Timor, northern Celebes, the interior of Kalimantan, and the Moluccas. The Tamil Indonesians in Medan represents another important concentration of Hindus. There are now Subud groups in about 83 countries, with a worldwide membership of about 10,000. Among the Indonesian Buddhists follow major Buddhist schools: Mahayana, Vajrayana, and Theravada. This does, however, not mean that it constitutes a coherent group. Hinduism in Indonesia. The arrival of Buddhism was started with trading activities that began in the early first century on the Silk Road between Indonesia and India. [6] Consequently, atheists in Indonesia experience official discrimination in the context of registration of births and marriages and the issuance of identity cards. [42] Shias form a segment of Arab Indonesians and the Hadhrami people. [23], The Portuguese introduced Catholicism in the 16th century, notably to the island of Flores and to what was to become East Timor. Hence Confucianism appears in the 1971 census data, but not in 1980 or 1990. In the latest population census data, 87 percent of Indonesians declared themselves to be Muslim, followed by 9.87 percent who were Christian. 56% live on the island of Java, the world's most populous island. [26], The Sukarno era was characterised by a "distrust" between religion and the state. [45] A separatist group, Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam, known as Gerakan Ahmadiyah-Lahore Indonesia (GAI) in Indonesia, has existed in Java since 1924 and had only 708 members in the 1980s.[45]. He claimed that Subud is not a new teaching or religion, but only that the latihan kejiwaan itself is the kind of proof that humanity is looking for. Lastly, it should be mentioned that religious intolerance or discrimination in Indonesia also takes non-violent forms such as the difficulty of building places of worship that are non-Islamic in areas that are mainly occupied by Muslims (and vise versa). [81][80] Therefore, the status of Confucianism during the New Order regime was never clear. [88][89], Muhammad Subuh saw the present age as one that demands personal evidence and proof of religious or spiritual realities, as people no longer just believe in words. This does, however, not mean that it constitutes a coherent group. [94], Since 2003, "Shaar Hashamayim" synagogue has been serving the local Jewish community of some 20 people in Tondano city, North Sulawesi, which is attended by around 10 Orthodox Jews (Hasidic Chabad group). These spirits are believed to inhabit natural objects, human beings, artefacts, and grave sites of the important wali (Muslim saints). [34] While this period of religious conflict and inter-Sultanate warfare was unfolding, and new power centres were attempting to consolidate regions under their control, European powers arrived. Four diverse and contentious sultanates emerged in northern and southern Sumatra, west and central Java, and southern Kalimantan. [97][98] Since 2014, the situation has improved in the form of government plans for possible recognition (there was an erroneous opinion on already held the official recognition of the Bahai in 2014). Civics education in Indonesia taught school children that there are only five official religions. The latter, led by General Prabowo Subianto, was in favour of Islamisation, while General Wiranto was in the former in favour of a secular state. Associate Professor of Religious Studies & International Studies, Indiana University . It rules that the law requiring people whose 'religion is not recognised', or followers of indigenous religions to leave the religion column on identity documents blank is contrary to the constitution. 1–23. Indonesians are citizens or people of Indonesia, regardless of their racial, ethnic or religious background. Catholicism started to spread in Central Java when Frans van Lith, a priest from the Netherlands came to Muntilan in 1896. The major religions of Indonesia were Indonesia - Indonesia - Religions: Nearly nine-tenths of the Indonesian population professes Islam. Protestantism is mostly a result of Dutch Reformed and Lutheran missionary efforts during the country's colonial period. In 2006 the government, again, recognized Confucianism as one of the state's official religions. The clear majority of Indonesian Buddhists consist of the ethnic Chinese community. Adherents of Protestantism mostly live in North Sumatra, West Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan, South Sulawesi, West Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, North Sulawesi, East Nusa Tenggara, North Maluku, Maluku (province), West Papua (province), Papua (province). Some still exist in some parts of Indonesia as either pure or syncretic. Some historical heritage monuments can be found in Indonesia, including the Borobudur Temple in Yogyakarta and statues or prasasti (inscriptions) from the earlier history of Buddhist empires. In 2015, the Supreme Council for the Sikh Religion in Indonesia was founded. [85], The Kejawèn have no certain prophet, a sacred book, nor distinct religious festivals and rituals; it has more to do with each adherent's internalised transcendental vision and beliefs in their relations with others and with the supreme being. As a result, there is an inclusiveness that the kebatinan believer could identify themselves with one of six officially recognised religions, at least in KTP, while still subscribe to their kebatinan belief and way of life. [23], Subsequently, Hindu, Buddhist, Confucian, animist communities and unbelievers bought peace by agreeing to pay jizya tax to a Muslim ruler, while others began adopting Islam to escape the tax. Smaller numbers follow other schools (madhhabs),[16][36] and the Salafi movement. Chinese Indonesians, who were mostly Confucianists, also faced similar circumstances. [24] Protestantism was first introduced by the Dutch in the 16th century with Calvinist and Lutheran influences. [25] Christianity later spread from the coastal ports of Kalimantan, and missionaries arrived among the Torajans on Sulawesi. [11] According to a 2017 decision of the Constitutional Court of Indonesia, "the branches/flows of beliefs" (Indonesian: aliran kepercayaan)—ethnic religions with new religious movements—must be recognised and included in an Indonesian identity card (KTP). One clear example of the lasting impact of European influence and Dutch colonial power on Indonesian society is the presence of around 23 million Christians currently living in Indonesia. Indonesia is a secular democratic country that has a Muslim-majority population. [48] The VOC regulated the missionary work so it could serve its own interests and restricted it to the eastern part of the Indonesian archipelago. A number of ancestral animistic/polytheistic indigenous religions (Austronesian and Papuan ethnic beliefs) are present, which were dominant throughout the archipelago before the arrival of Dharmic and Abrahamic religions. Several Baghdadi Jews also settled. Around 95% of Indonesians are Native Indonesians, with 40%Javanese and 15% Sund [69] The majority of Hindus live in Bali. [48][55] In present-day Flores, the royal house of Larantuka formed the only native Catholic kingdom in Southeast Asia around the 16th century, with the first king named Lorenzo. [2] Most Buddhists are concentrated in Jakarta, although other provinces such as Riau, North Sumatra and West Kalimantan also have a significant number of practitioners. [118][119] A positive form of relations has also appeared in society, such as the effort from six different religious organisations to help the 2004 tsunami victims. Eastern Christianity operates in Indonesia under the label "Kristen" together with Protestants. Now, an ongoing government census , … He rescinded the 1967 Presidential Instruction and the 1978 Home Affairs Ministry directive, and Confucianism once again became officially recognised as a religion in Indonesia. [1], Overview of the religion share in Indonesia, Religious composition by ethnic group (2010 Census), Cite error: The named reference "RELIGION" was defined multiple times with different content (see the. Although Indonesia is not an Islamic state, Islamic principles do influence political decision making. However, it is wrong to think of these conflicts as merely a matter of religion. Eastern Orthodoxy is represented by the Indonesian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate), which until 2019 was part of the Russian Orthodox Diocese of Sydney, Australia and New Zealand (Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia),[60] and then comes under the unified spiritual leadership of the Diocese of Singapore (Russian Orthodox Church).
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