Since this was a concentration camp and not a death camp, there were no gas chambers installed at Dachau until 1942, when one was built but not used. [31] There is a Russian Orthodox chapel at the camp today, and it is well known for its icon of Christ leading the prisoners out of the camp gates. The prisoners' entrance was secured by an iron gate with the motto "Arbeit macht frei" ("Work will make you free"). One was now stark naked". Hartinger reduced the scope of the dossier to the four clearest cases and Wintersberger signed it, after first notifying Himmler as a courtesy. [4] After its opening by Heinrich Himmler, its purpose was enlarged to include forced labor, and, eventually, the imprisonment of Jews, Romani, German and Austrian criminals, and, finally, foreign nationals from countries that Germany occupied or invaded. The Kaserne quarters and other buildings used by the guards and trainee guards were converted and served as the Eastman Barracks, an American military post. The SS used the cynical term Sonderbehandlung ("special treatment") for these criminal executions. In mid-April, plans to evacuate the camp started by sending prisoners toward Tyrol. 3. [74] An anonymous Dutch prisoner contended that British Special Operations Executive (SOE) agent Noor Inayat Khan was cruelly beaten by SS officer Wilhelm Ruppert before being shot from behind; the beating may have been the actual cause of her death. Eventually, under Hitler’s ...read more, Founded in 1925, the “Schutzstaffel,” German for “Protective Echelon,” initially served as Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler’s (1889-1945) personal bodyguards, and later became one of the most powerful and feared organizations in all of Nazi Germany. [59] The original records of the experiments were destroyed "in an attempt to conceal the atrocities". [58], The camp was divided into two sections: the camp area and the crematorium. [67] Sixteen have been identified including Fanny Baur, Leopoldine Bittermann, Ernestine Brenner, Anna Buck, Rosa Dolaschko, Maria Eder, Rosa Grassmann, Betty Hanneschaleger, Ruth Elfriede Hildner, Josefa Keller, Berta Kimplinger, Lieselotte Klaudat, Theresia Kopp, Rosalie Leimboeck, and Thea Miesl. Dachau (/ˈdɑːxaʊ/)[3] was a Nazi concentration camp opened on 22 March 1933, which was initially intended to hold political prisoners. [72], As U.S. Army troops neared the Dachau sub-camp at Landsberg on 27 April 1945, the SS officer in charge ordered that 4,000 prisoners be murdered. [101][102] In addition, 25 to 50 SS guards were estimated to have been killed by the liberated prisoners. Over 30,000 Jews were arrested and dispatched to Dachau and the Buchenwald and Sachsenhausen concentration camps. The camp served as the training center for SS concentration camp guards and was a model for other Nazi concentration camps. In November a typhus fever epidemic broke out that took thousands of lives. [68] Women guards were assigned also to the Augsburg Michelwerke, Burgau, Kaufering, Mühldorf, and Munich Agfa Camera Werke subcamps. Hypothermia experiments involved exposure to vats of icy water or being strapped down naked outdoors in freezing temperatures. [30] They noted many inconsistencies between the injuries on the corpses and the camp guards' accounts of the deaths. The other 30 barracks are indicated by low cement curbs filled with pebbles. Today, visitors can tour some of the camp's historic buildings and access a library and special exhibits containing materials related to Dachau's history. By October of the same year the camp was being used by the U.S. Army as a place of confinement for war criminals, the SS and important witnesses. In the fall of 1939, at the start of World War II, Dachau’s prisoners were relocated to Buchenwald and the concentration camps at Mauthausen and Flossenbuerg. Guards are known to have tossed inmates' caps into this area, resulting in the death of the prisoners when they attempted to retrieve the caps. The buildings were then doused with gasoline and set afire. Soviet forces liberated Auschwitz—the largest killing center and concentration camp complex—in January 1945. Just before the liberation many German prisoners were evacuated, but 2,000 of these Germans died during the evacuation transport. '"Work makes free"', or "Work makes [one] free"; contextual English translation: "Work shall set you free"). Everything had to be handed over: money, rings, watches. The indictment and related evidence reached the office of Hans Frank, the Bavarian Justice Minister, but was intercepted by Gauleiter Adolf Wagner and locked away in a desk only to be discovered by the US Army. Instead, the chancellor determined that the sole solution would be the elimination of every European Jew. [100], An Inspector General report resulting from a US Army investigation conducted between 3 and 8 May 1945 and titled, "American Army Investigation of Alleged Mistreatment of German Guards at Dachau," found that 21 plus "a number" of presumed SS men were killed with others being wounded after their surrender had been accepted. The Nazis also used Dachau prisoners as subjects in brutal medical experiments. In the postwar years, the Dachau facility served to hold SS soldiers awaiting trial. [33] The camp was about 300 m × 600 m (1,000 ft × 2,000 ft) in rectangular shape. More than 10,000 of them were interned in Dachau alone. In addition to the direct abuse of the SS and the harsh conditions, people died from typhus epidemics and starvation. History.com. In 1942, construction began at Dachau on Barrack X, a crematorium that eventually consisted of four sizeable ovens used to incinerate corpses. Nearly 800 bodies went into this mass grave. Enacted in reaction ...read more, The systematic persecution of German Jewry began with Adolf Hitler’s rise to power in 1933. The Dachau complex included other SS facilities beside the concentration camp—a leader school of the economic and civil service, the medical school of the SS, etc. His testimony also admitted to deaths by shootings, hangings and medical experiments. At the dawn of World War II, Hitler came to believe that restricting the daily activities of Jews in Germany and the countries annexed by the Nazis would not resolve what he considered to be his “Jewish problem.” Nor would isolated acts of violence against Jews serve a purpose. Prisoners who were naked or nearly so were burned to death, while some managed to crawl out of the buildings before dying. "[47], On 24 April 1945, just days before the U.S. troops arrived at the camp, the commandant and a strong guard forced between 6,000 and 7,000 surviving inmates on a death march from Dachau south to Eurasburg, then eastwards towards the Tegernsee; liberated two days after Hitler's death by a Nisei-ethnicity U.S. Army artillery battalion. Pope John Paul II beatified him in 1987. 5, Nazi Science – The Dachau Hypothermia Experiments. In April 1933, Josef Hartinger, an official from the Bavarian Justice Ministry and physician Moritz Flamm, part-time medical examiner, arrived at the camp to investigate the deaths in accordance with the Bavarian penal code. [35], Being fully aware that Germany was about to be defeated in World War II, the SS invested its time in removing evidence of the crimes it committed in the concentration camps. [a][60], Extensive communication between the investigators and Heinrich Himmler, head of the SS, documents the experiments. Web. There were 227 documented deaths among the 2,252 patients cared for by the 127th. [77], Overall, the Dachau concentration camp system included 123 sub-camps and Kommandos which were set up in 1943 when factories were built near the main camp to make use of forced labor of the Dachau prisoners. [52], Prisoners were divided into categories. 1,071 More Dachau Dead Found. [53], Whatever the publicly stated purpose of the camp, the SS men who arrived there on 11 May 1933 were left in no illusion as to its real purpose by the speech given on that day by Johann-Erasmus Freiherr von Malsen-Ponickau[54]. He toured the site to see if it could be used for quartering protective-custody prisoners. It is located on the grounds of an abandoned munitions factory northeast of the medieval town of Dachau, about 16 km (10 mi) northwest of Munich in the state of Bavaria, in southern Germany. In late 1944, a typhus epidemic occurred in the camp caused by poor sanitation and overcrowding, which caused more than 15,000 deaths. Inmates barricaded themselves inside and set fire to the building, tore off their clothing, and linked arms to resist being removed from the building. For years they have been able to continue their criminal existence. [111], Between 1945 and 1948 when the camp was handed over to the Bavarian authorities, many accused war criminals and members of the SS were imprisoned at the camp. Subsequently, the camp was used for prisoners of all sorts, from every nation occupied by the forces of the Third Reich. [44], In August 1944 a women's camp opened inside Dachau. [37], Over 4,000 Soviet prisoners of war were murdered by the Dachau commandant's guard at the SS shooting range located at Hebertshausen two kilometers from the main camp in the years 1941/1943. Facing economic, social, and political oppression, thousands of German Jews wanted to flee the Third Reich but found few countries willing to accept them. If those pigs had come to power, they would have cut off all our heads. Concentration Camp & Ghetto Money. In January 1943, Kozal perished from a lethal injection. SS administrators alone would run the camps and hand out punishment as they saw fit. A four-foot-deep and eight-foot-broad (1.2 × 2.4 m) creek, connected with the river Amper, lay on the west side between the "neutral-zone" and the electrically charged, and barbed wire fence which surrounded the entire prisoner enclosure. The facility had been designed to house some 6,000 detainees, but the population continued to rise and by 1944 approximately 30,000 prisoners were packed into the camp. [93] Perisco describes an Office of Strategic Services (OSS) team (code name LUXE) leading Army Intelligence to a "Camp IV" on 29 April. Additionally, some Dachau detainees were subjected to brutal medical experiments by the Nazis. You all know what the Fuehrer has called us to do. [citation needed], Owing to repeated transports from the front, the camp was constantly overcrowded and the hygiene conditions were beneath human dignity. This phrase was also used in Theresienstadt,[15] near Prague, and Auschwitz I. Dachau was the concentration camp that was in operation the longest, from March 1933 to April 1945, nearly all twelve years of the Nazi regime. Many of these Germans had served in government, the military, or in civil positions, which were considered to enable them to engage in subversion and conspiracy against the Nazis. In mid-April 1945, female subcamps at Kaufering, Augsburg, and Munich were closed, and the SS stationed the women at Dachau. 25,613 prisoners are believed to have died in the camp and almost another 10,000 in its subcamps,[17] primarily from disease, malnutrition and suicide. [29], Shortly after the SS was commissioned to supplement the Bavarian police overseeing the Dachau camp, the first reports of prisoner deaths at Dachau began to emerge. [50][51], Though at the time of liberation the death rate had peaked at 200 per day, after the liberation by U.S. forces the rate eventually fell to between 50 and 80 deaths per day. Conditions at the camp were brutal and overcrowded. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}48°16′08″N 11°28′07″E / 48.26889°N 11.46861°E / 48.26889; 11.46861. Political prisoners, Poles, Romani, Jews, homosexuals, Jehovah's Witnesses, Catholic priests, Communists, This page was last edited on 10 April 2021, at 22:19. In his Dachau: The Official History 1933–1945, Paul Berben noted that R. Schnabel's 1966 investigation, Die Frommen in der Hölle ("The Pious Ones in Hell") found an alternative total of 2,771 and included the fate all the clergy listed, with 692 noted as deceased and 336 sent out on "invalid trainloads" and therefore presumed dead. A young Greek monk from the Holy Mountain stood up in front of us and recited it with such infectious enthusiasm that we shall never forget him as long as we live. [35]:61 One former Luxembourgian prisoner, Albert Theis, reflected about the room, "There we were stripped of all our clothes. [85]:292, 6 May 1945 (23 April on the Orthodox calendar) was the day of Pascha, Orthodox Easter. On 26 April, over 10,000 prisoners were forced to leave the Dachau concentration camp on foot, in trains, or in trucks. From 1942 to 1945, it was the policy of the U.S. government that people of Japanese descent would be interred in isolated camps. By the end of the year, German troops had advanced almost 1,000 miles to … Nearly three hundred dead bodies were ordered removed from the train and carried to a ravine over 400 metres (.25 mi) away. Ten of the soldiers, who had been captured in German Army uniforms, committed suicide during the riot. [16]:137[22], Between January and April 1945 11,560 detainees died at KZ Dachau according to a U.S. Army report of 1945,[23] though the Dachau administration registered 12,596 deaths from typhus at the camp over the same period. [98] Proper clothing was still scarce and film footage from the time (as seen in The World at War) shows naked, gaunt people either wandering on snow or dead under it. Some begged American soldiers to shoot them. Dr. Flamm was no longer employed as a medical examiner and was to survive two attempts on his life before his suspicious death in the same year. Some prisoners died during the process. The occupants of one barracks rioted as 271 of the Russian deserters were to be loaded onto trains that would return them to Russian-controlled lands, as agreed at the Yalta Conference. Those unable to maintain a steady marching pace were shot by SS guards. Two thousand cases had already been reported by 3 May.[107]. [75], Satellite camps under the authority of Dachau were established in the summer and autumn of 1944 near armaments factories throughout southern Germany to increase war production. : A review of David Goldhagen, [, "Holocaust on Trial The experiments by Peter Tyson", "Last Priest from Dachau Concentration Camp Dies at 102", "Norske vakter jobbet i Hitlers konsentrasjonsleire", "The Dachau Trials: Dachau Cases (1945–1947)", http://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/pa1167593, "Notorious Nazi Prison Camp is Liberated, 32,000 are Freed", The Liberator: One World War II Soldier's 500-Day Odyssey from the Beaches of Sicily to the Gates of Dachau, The 761st "Black Panther" Tank Battalion in World War II, Dachau 29 April 1945: the Rainbow Liberation Memoirs, "Die Amerikanische Armee entdeckt den Holocaust (The American army discovered the Holocaust)", "Central Europe Campaign – 522nd Field Artillery Battalion", "U.S. Army Divisions Recognized as Liberating Units by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum and the Center of Military", "Testimony of: Lt. Howard E. Buchner, MC, 0-435481, 3rd Bn., 157th Infantry". A 3-metre-wide (10 ft) no-man's land was the first marker of confinement for prisoners; an area which upon entry would elicit lethal gunfire from guard towers. Both former and escaped concentration camp prisoners, and a renegade Volkssturm (civilian militia) company took part. The Warsaw uprising ...read more, Anne Frank (1929-1945), a young Jewish girl, her sister, and her parents moved to the Netherlands from Germany after Adolf Hitler and the Nazis came to power there in 1933 and made life increasingly difficult for Jews. The Dachau Concentration Camp Memorial Site. Crematoria were constructed to dispose of the deceased. All were found guilty – thirty-six of the defendants were sentenced to death on 13 December 1945, of whom 23 were hanged on 28–29 May 1946, including the commandant, SS-Obersturmbannführer Martin Gottfried Weiss, SS-Obersturmführer Freidrich Wilhelm Ruppert and camp doctors Karl Schilling and Fritz Hintermeyer. Prisoners lived in constant fear of brutal treatment and terror detention including standing cells, floggings, the so-called tree or pole hanging, and standing at attention for extremely long periods. The camp's organization and routine became the model for all Nazi concentration camps. Out of the 123 sub-camps, eleven of them were called Kaufering, distinguished by a number at the end of each. [69], In the major Dachau war crimes case (United States of America v. Martin Gottfried Weiss et.al. [16]:138, Demographic statistics vary but they are in the same general range. [27] In early 1937, the SS, using prisoner labor, initiated construction of a large complex capable of holding 6,000 prisoners. Several Norwegians worked as guards at the Dachau camp. Starting in 1941, thousands of Soviet prisoners of war were sent to Dachau then shot to death at a nearby rifle range. [16]:137, In the postwar years, the camp continued in use. Prisoners who were from the northern part of Germany were to be directed to the Baltic and North Sea coasts to be drowned. Earlier that day, as Wehrmacht troops withdrew from Landsberg am Lech, towns people hung white sheets from their windows. (INS) New Castle news 3 May 1945 page 1. As early as 1935, a jingle went around: "Lieber Herr Gott, mach mich stumm, Das ich nicht nach Dachau komm'" ("Dear God, make me dumb [silent], That I may not to Dachau come"). U.S. military forces liberated Dachau in late April 1945. If anyone here cannot bear to see the blood of comrades, he does not belong and had better leave. [35], In the second phase of the evacuation, in April 1945, Himmler gave direct evacuation routes for remaining camps. On April 29, 1945, the United States military entered Dachau, where they found thousands of mostly emaciated prisoners. Victims were subjected to rapid decompression to pressures found at 4,300 metres (14,100 ft) and experienced spasmodic convulsions, agonal breathing, and eventual death. ), forty-two officials of Dachau were tried from November to December 1945. Five hundred Soviet POWs were executed by firing squad. [19] Two thousand cases of "the dread black typhus" had already been identified by 3 May, and the U.S. WHITE Major General, G.S.C. A prisoner named Rahr described the scene:[106]. Un camp de concentration est un lieu fermé de grande taille construit pour regrouper et pour détenir une population considérée comme ennemie, généralement dans de très mauvaises conditions de vie. Chief of Staff Testimony of: Capt. [20] Prisoners with typhus, a louse-borne disease with an incubation period from 12 to 18 days, were treated by the 116th Evacuation Hospital, while the 127th would be the general hospital for the other illnesses. Meanwhile, those who survived the Tegernsee death march were freed by American troops on May 2. March 1933-April 1945. Brandsma arrived at Dachau in June 1942, and died the following month after being given a lethal injection. The U.S. soldiers also discovered several dozen train cars loaded with rotting corpses. Those who plotted to escape or espoused political views were to be executed on the spot. The unhygienic conditions and the supplies of food rations became disastrous. [65]:142 Despite SS hostility to religious observance, the Vatican and German bishops successfully lobbied the regime to concentrate clergy at one camp and obtained permission to build a chapel, for the priests to live communally and for time to be allotted to them for the religious and intellectual activity. Dachau alone had more than 30 large subcamps, and hundreds of smaller ones,[76] in which over 30,000 prisoners worked almost exclusively on armaments. Typhus alone was estimated to have caused 15,000 deaths between December 1944 and April 1945. Goldstein Thanks Eisenhower For Letter On Anniversary of Liberation . "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. The camp area consisted of 32 barracks, including one for clergy imprisoned for opposing the Nazi regime and one reserved for medical experiments. The concentration camp of Dachau, lies 10 miles northwest of Munich.It was one of the first concentration camps in Nazi Germany and would serve as a model for all other camps in the Third Reich.. Sinti and Roma in the hundreds were sent to the camp in 1939, and over 13,000 prisoners were sent to the camp from Poland in 1940. Le camp reste en service jusqu'à l'arrivée des soldats américains, le 29 avril 1945 [65]:157, The Nazis introduced a racial hierarchy—keeping Poles in harsh conditions, while favoring German priests. Prisoners deemed guilty of rule breaking were to be brutally beaten. Several thousand Catholic clergy members were also incarcerated at Dachau. [83] At about the same time, Brigadier General Henning Linden led the 222nd Infantry Regiment of the 42nd (Rainbow) Infantry Division soldiers including his aide, Lieutenant William Cowling,[84] to accept the formal surrender of the camp from German Lieutenant Heinrich Wicker at an entrance between the camp and the compound for the SS garrison. Many had "cracked heads" inflicted by 500 American guards, in the attempt to bring the situation under control. [104], According to Sparks, court-martial charges were drawn up against him and several other men under his command but General George S. Patton, who had recently been appointed military governor of Bavaria, chose to dismiss the charges. (See, The U.S. 7th Army's version of the events of the Dachau Liberation is available in. This reflected Nazi propaganda, which had concentration camps as labor and re-education camps. Wintersberger's complicit behaviour is documented in his own evidence to the Pohl Trial.[32]. More than 30,000 Jews and political prisoners were freed, and since 1945 adherents of the 42nd and 45th Division versions of events have argued over which unit was the first to liberate Dachau. Despondent prisoners committed suicide by entering the zone. The construction was officially completed in mid-August 1938 and the camp remained essentially unchanged and in operation until 1945. Dachau concentration camp, located in the state of Bavaria, Germany, was the first concentration camp established by the Nazi regime. In 1948, the Bavarian government established housing for refugees on the site, and this remained for many years. [64]:53 Political prisoners who had been arrested by the Gestapo wore a red badge, "professional" criminals sent by the Criminal Courts wore a green badge, Cri-Po prisoners arrested by the criminal police wore a brown badge, "work-shy and asocial" people sent by the welfare authorities or the Gestapo wore a black badge, Jehovah's Witnesses arrested by the Gestapo wore a violet badge, homosexuals sent by the criminal courts wore a pink badge, emigrants arrested by the Gestapo wore a blue badge, "race polluters" arrested by the criminal court or Gestapo wore badges with a black outline, second-termers arrested by the Gestapo wore a bar matching the color of their badge, "idiots" wore a white armband with the label Blöd (Stupid), Romani wore a black triangle, and Jews, whose incarceration in the Dachau concentration camp dramatically increased after Kristallnacht, wore a yellow badge, combined with another color. [citation needed] After the closure of the Eastman Barracks in 1974, these areas are now occupied by the Bavarian Bereitschaftspolizei (rapid response police unit). [90] Many local residents were shocked about the experience and claimed no knowledge of the activities at the camp. [25] Himmler announced in the Münchner Neuesten Nachrichten newspaper that the camp could hold up to 5,000 people, and described it as "the first concentration camp for political prisoners" to be used to restore calm to Germany. Comrades of the SS! [65]:145–6, Of a total of 2,720 clergy recorded as imprisoned at Dachau,[63] the overwhelming majority, some 2,579 (or 94.88%) were Catholic. It was used as a training center for the SS-Totenkopfverbände guards and was a model for other concentration camps. The former commandant was forced to lie amidst a pile of corpses. The SS administrators who operated the camp claimed that Nefzger had committed suicide, but an autopsy disclosed that he likely lost his life due to asphyxiation or strangulation. Nearly 11,000 Jews ended up in Dachau. Did you know? Between the years 1933 and 1945, more than 3.5 million Germans were imprisoned in such concentration camps or prison for political reasons. - Collections Search - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum", "University of Minnesota Center for Holocaust & Genocide Studies. It stood on a wooded hill about 4.5 miles northwest of Weimar, Germany. A large number of Polish priests were chosen for Nazi medical experiments. The construction was officially completed in mid-August 1938. The number of inmates had peaked in 1944 with transports from evacuated camps in the east (such as Auschwitz), and the resulting overcrowding led to an increase in the death rate.[52]. [19], Over the 12 years of use as a concentration camp, the Dachau administration recorded the intake of 206,206 prisoners and deaths of 31,951. © 2021 A&E Television Networks, LLC. [7] Approximately 10,000 of the 30,000 prisoners were sick at the time of liberation.[8][9]. [62], The camp was originally designed for holding German and Austrian political prisoners and Jews, but in 1935 it began to be used also for ordinary criminals. Some died of cruel punishment for misdemeanors—beaten to death or run to exhaustion. Therefore we have no room for sentimentalism. First Prisoners The first prisoners arrived in Dachau on March 22, 1933, two days after the acting Munich Chief of Police and Reichsführer SS Heinrich Himmler announced the camp’s creation. The Memorial Site on the grounds of the former concentration camp was established in 1965 on the initiative of and in accordance with the plans of the surviving prisoners who had joined together to form the Comité International de Dachau. On June 22, 1941, Nazi Germany launched a surprise attack against the Soviet Union, its ally in the war against Poland. Dachau was established in March 1933 as the first Nazi Concentration Camp.Dachau was chiefly a political camp, rather than an extermination camp, but of around 160,000 prisoners sent to its main camp, over 32,000 were either executed or died of disease, malnutrition or brutalization. 27 March 2013. And finally, the Homily of Saint John—also from memory. [94] The 522nd's personnel later discovered the survivors of a death march[95] headed generally southwards from the Dachau main camp to Eurasburg, then eastwards towards the Austrian border on 2 May, just west of the town of Waakirchen.[96][97]. [12], The camp's layout and building plans were developed by Commandant Theodor Eicke and were applied to all later camps. [35], On 26 April 1945 prisoner Karl Riemer fled the Dachau concentration camp to get help from American troops and on 28 April Victor Maurer, a representative of the International Red Cross, negotiated an agreement to surrender the camp to U.S. troops. [42] Once Austria was annexed and Czechoslovakia was dissolved, the citizens of both countries became the next prisoners at Dachau. History will likely never know how many people were interned or died there, due to periods of disruption. A. Saint John Chrysostomos himself seemed to speak through him to us and to the rest of the world as well! With the implementation in 1942 of Hitler’s “Final Solution” to systematically eradicate all European Jews, thousands of Dachau detainees were moved to Nazi extermination camps in Poland, where they died in gas chambers. Units of 3rd Battalion, 157th Infantry Regiment, 45th Infantry Division, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Felix L. Sparks, were ordered to secure the camp. As of 1938, the procedure for new arrivals occurred at the Schubraum, where prisoners were to hand over their clothing and possessions. The Easter Canon, the Easter Sticheras—everything was recited from memory. Dachau's close proximity to Munich, where Hitler came to power and where the Nazi Party had its official headquarters, made Dachau a convenient location. In 1965, a memorial site was created on the grounds of the former Dachau concentration camp. These administration offices consisted of large storage rooms for the personal belongings of prisoners, the bunker, roll-call square where guards would also inflict punishment on prisoners (especially those who tried to escape), the canteen where prisoners served SS men with cigarettes and food, the museum containing plaster images of prisoners who suffered from bodily defects, the camp office, the library, the barracks, and the infirmary, which was staffed by prisoners who had previously held occupations such as physicians or army surgeons. After days of travel with little or no food or water, the prisoners arrived weak and exhausted, often near death. It is claimed that in 1942, more than 3,166 prisoners in weakened condition were transported to Hartheim Castle near Linz, and were executed by poison gas because they were deemed unfit. The prisoners from the southern part were to be gathered in the Alps, which was the location in which the SS wanted to resist the Allies. Set up in 1937, it initially housed political prisoners and other targeted groups, including Jews. Due to the number of sub-camps over a large area that comprised the Dachau concentration camp complex, many Allied units have been officially recognized by the United States Army Center of Military History and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum as liberating units of Dachau, including: In addition to Jews, the camp’s prisoners included members of other groups Hitler considered unfit for the new Germany, including artists, intellectuals, the physically and mentally handicapped and homosexuals.
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